What is reforming of hydrocarbon?
Reforming, in chemistry, processing technique by which the molecular structure of a hydrocarbon is rearranged to alter its properties. The process is frequently applied to low-quality gasoline stocks to improve their combustion characteristics.
Can diesel be reformed into hydrogen?
Thermal Processes Many hydrocarbon fuels can be reformed to produce hydrogen, including natural gas, diesel, renewable liquid fuels, gasified coal, or gasified biomass. Today, about 95% of all hydrogen is produced from steam reforming of natural gas.
What catalyst is used in the steam reforming process?
Steam reforming is the reaction of methane (and other higher hydrocarbons) with steam in the presence of a catalyst to form carbon oxides and hydrogen. Most industrial catalysts are based on using nickel as the catalytic component, although platinum group metals (pgms) are used for some specific duties.
What is the product of steam reforming process?
In steam-methane reforming, methane reacts with steam under 3–25 bar pressure (1 bar = 14.5 psi) in the presence of a catalyst to produce hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and a relatively small amount of carbon dioxide. Steam reforming is endothermic—that is, heat must be supplied to the process for the reaction to proceed.
What are the types of reforming?
There are four major types of reactions that occur during reforming processes: (1) dehydrogenation of naphthenes to aromatics, (2) dehydrocyclization of paraffins to aromatics, (3) isomerization, and (4) hydrocracking.
How efficient is steam reforming?
Steam methane reforming (SMR) has high hydrogen yield efficiency (∼74%) and is estimated to produce hydrogen at a cost of around $1.8kg−1 (US DoE, 2015a).
Why are hydrogen engines a bad idea?
The biggest reason why hydrogen-combustion engines are no good? They create nitrogen oxide, which isn’t good for people or the environment. Even though carbon isn’t part of the hydrogen combustion process, NOx isn’t a compromise as automakers look to zero-emission vehicles.
What are the problems with hydrogen fuel cells?
The two prime dangers from fuel cell and hydrogen-powered vehicles are the danger of electrical shock and the flammability of the fuel. Fuel cells power vehicles by electro-chemically combining hydrogen gas (H2) and oxygen (O2) from the surrounding air into water (H20) and electrical energy.
Is steam reforming reversible?
Natural gas steam reforming is widely used in industrial markets for hydrogen and synthesis gas production. The reforming reaction is reversible and largely endothermic. High temperatures of 700–800°C are usually preferred for producing a hydrogen-rich gas in conventional reformers (Rostup-Nielsen, 1984).
Does the steam reforming process need air?
The outlet temperature of the syngas is between 950–1100°C and outlet pressure can be as high as 100 bar. The main difference between SMR and ATR is that SMR only uses air for combustion as a heat source to create steam, while ATR uses purified oxygen.
What is reforming explain with example?
transitive verb. 1a : to put or change into an improved form or condition. b : to amend or improve by change of form or removal of faults or abuses. 2 : to put an end to (an evil) by enforcing or introducing a better method or course of action. 3 : to induce or cause to abandon evil ways reform a drunkard.
What is the reforming process?
Reforming Process, also known as catalytic reforming is a chemical process that breaks down the molecules of low octane rating naphtha into high octane gasoline blending components. It is one of the most important processes in oil refineries during the conversion crude oil into various petroleum products.
What kind of fuel is used for steam reforming?
InnovaTek has developed a proprietary catalyst formulation for the fuel processor that is being developed for use with polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. The catalyst has been tested for the steam reforming of various hydrocarbons such as natural gas, iso -octane, retail gasoline, and hexadecane.
How is hydrogen produced in the steam reforming process?
(Zero carbon ‘Green’ hydrogen is produced by electrolysis using low- or zero-carbon electricity. Zero carbon emissions ‘turquoise’ hydrogen is produced by one-step methane pyrolysis of natural gas.) Steam reforming of natural gas produces most of the world’s hydrogen. Hydrogen is used in the industrial synthesis of ammonia and other chemicals.
What causes the catalyst to deactivate during steam reforming?
Coking would be another cause of catalyst deactivation during steam reforming. High reaction temperatures, low steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C), and the complex nature of sulfur-containing commercial hydrocarbon fuels make coking especially favorable.
When did innovatek start steam reforming fuel cells?
Since 1997 [14], [15], InnovaTek has been developing fuel reformer technology based on the steam reforming process. Our system incorporates several unique technologies and is designed to generate the hydrogen to feed fuel cells ranging from 100 W to a few kW.